آیا می دانید چگونه باید از عباراتی مانند She's called every day this week, I've broken my leg and Have you ever been to Scotland استفاده کنید؟ به این جملات توجه کنید تا بدانید حال کامل (present perfect) چگونه استفاده می شود؟
| phrasal |
| present perfect |
He's been to ten different countries. |
I haven't seen her today. |
My phone's run out of battery. Can I use yours? |
Have you ever dyed your hair a different colour? |
ما از حال کامل ساده present perfect simple (have or has + past participle) برای صحبت درباره ی کارهای گذشته یا اتفاقاتی که به زمان حال ارتباط دارد استفاده می کنیم.
Unfinished time and states – زمان و اتفاقات ناتمام
ما از present perfect برای صحبت درباره ی انجام کاری درباره ی زمانی که به پایان نرسیده است مانند این هفته و امسال همراه با as so far, until now, before استفاده می نماییم
| unfinished time and states |
| present perfect |
They've been on holiday twice this year. |
We haven't had a lot of positive feedback so far. |
I'm sure I've seen that film before. |
از آنجا که زندگی ما دوره ی زمانی ناتمام است می توانیم درباره ی تجربیاتمان با استفاده از present perfect صحبت کنید، در جملات منفی از never و در جملات سوالی از ever استفاده می شود.
| unfinished time and states |
| present perfect |
I've worked for six different companies. |
He's never won a gold medal. |
Have you ever been to Australia? |
همچنین برای صحبت درباره ی حالت های ناتمام از حال کامل استفاده می کنیم و معمولا همراه با for, since and how long می آید.
| unfinished time and states |
| present perfect |
She's wanted to be a police officer since she was a child. |
I haven't known him for very long. |
How long have you had that phone? |
Finished time and states - زمان و حالت های به اتمام رسیده
اگر ما بگوییم اتفاقی افتاده است یا بخشی از زندگی مان به پایان رسیده، از گذشته ی ساده در این موارد استفاده می کنیم
| finished time and states |
| present perfect |
We visited Russia for the first time in 1992. |
I went to three different primary schools. |
Before she retired, she worked in several different countries. |
We knew all our neighbours when we were children. |
I didn't like bananas for a really long time. Now I love them! |
Past actions with a result in the present - وقایع گذشته با نتیجه در زمان حال
می توانیم از حال کامل در جملاتی استفاده نماییم که عملی در گذشته انجام شده است و نتیجه ی آن را در زمان حال می بینیم
| past action with a result in the future |
| present perfect |
He's broken his leg so he can't go on holiday. |
There's been an accident on the main road, so let's take a different route. |
They haven't called me, so I don't think they need me today. |
بازهم تکرار می کنیم اگر اتفاقی در گذشته رخ داده باشد باید از گذشته ی ساده استفاده کرد.
He broke his leg last week so he can't go on holiday. |
در اغلب موارد همراه با حال کامل از recently, already, yet and still استفاده می شود
| past action with a result in the future |
| present perfect |
We've recently started going to the gym. |
She's already finished season one and now she's watching season two. |
Have you checked your emails yet? |
